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Repeated measurements were performed for 10 control subjects. Also, the volume did not vary depending on the sex or age of the subjects.
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Rostrally, the cortical amygdala including the PACo appears at the level of the beginning of the amygdala approximately 6 mm caudal to the LI 64 Figs 1B and 5. In addition, the contribution of the point counting to the overall coefficient of error was approximately half of the contribution of the variability between sections. Ccleaner for xp 520 epson printer Lancet ; 1: Retrosplenial cortex 26 29
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Protocols for fixation, cryoprotection, cutting, and storage of human brain were performed as described previously 49 and the cytoarchitectonic analysis followed the methodology of Insausti et al Atlas of the human brain, 3rd edition. As it is generally accepted that interindividual variability in head size affects the volumes of brain regions, we corrected the PCA volume to the individual brain area obtained at the level of the anterior commissure, according to Cendes et al 67 with modifications
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Step 4 On the next 2. Quantitative MRI in temporal lobe epilepsy: Exp Neurol ; 1: Both the amygdala and hippocampus are damaged in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy TLEsuggesting that amygdalo-hippocampal interconnectivity is compromised in TLE. J Comp Neurol ; 3:
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Projections from the amygdaloid complex to the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus: The claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus contribute to the spread of epileptiform activity from the amygdala to other brain areas.
Data of the distribution of pathways underlying the information flow between these regions are, however, incomplete and controversial. To investigate the projections from the amygdala to the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus, we injected the anterograde Projections from the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala to the hippocampal formation and par The posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala is involved in the processing of pheromonal information and presumably participates in ingestive, defensive, and reproductive behaviors as a part of the vomeronasal amygdala.
Recent studies suggest that the posterior cortical nucleus might also modulate memory processing via its connections to the medial temporal lobe memory system. Damage to the amygdalo-hippocampal projection in temporal lobe epilepsy: A tract-tracing study in ch Both the amygdala and hippocampus are damaged in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy TLE, suggesting that amygdalo-hippocampal interconnectivity is compromised in TLE.
Projections from the periamygdaloid cortex to the amygdaloid complex, the hippocampal formation, and The periamygdaloid cortex, an amygdaloid region that processes olfactory information, projects to the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal region.
To elucidate the topographic details of these projections, pathways were anterogradely traced using Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin PHA-L in 14 rats. First, we investigated the intradivisional, interdivisional, and intra-amygdaloid Comparison of the distribution of calcium-binding proteins and intrinsic connectivity in the lateral Epilepsia ; Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes.
The epidemiology of epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota, through Clinical characteristics of partial seizures. Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies. Raven Press, ; — Aetiology, treatment, and prevention. Lancet ; 2: Hippocampal neuron damage in human epilepsy: Prog Brain Res ; MRI volumetry and T2 relaxometry of the amygdala in newly diagnosed and chronic temporal lobe epilepsy.
Epilepsy Res ; Morphometric MRI analysis of the parahippocampal region in temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann N Y Acad Sci ; MRI volumetry of the hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and perirhinal cortex after status epilepticus.
Epilepsy and the temporal lobes. A clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study of the brain in epilepsy, with particular reference to the temporal lobes. Brain ; Amygdala damage in experimental and human temporal lobe epilepsy.
The Epilepsies, Part I: Academic Press, ; — Vogt C, Vogt O. General results of our brain research, second part: The nature of the architectural differences the cerebral cortex [in German]. J Psychol Neurol Leipzig The entorhinal cortex of the monkey: J Comp Neurol ; The Human Nervous System.
Functional localization and lateralization of human olfactory cortex. Nature ; Central olfactory connections in the macaque monkey. Functional heterogeneity in human olfactory cortex: J Neurosci ; Status epilepticus-induced neuronal loss in humans without systemic complications or epilepsy.
Functional anatomy of spontaneous seizures in a rat model of limbic epilepsy. The role of the piriform cortex in kindling. Prog Neurobiol ; Regional expression of c-fos mRNA in rat brain during the evolution of amygdala kindled seizures.
Mol Brain Res ; Expression of c-fos mRNA following seizures evoked from an epileptogenic site in the deep prepiriform cortex: Exp Neurol ; 1: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol ; Strong induction of c-fos in the piriform cortex during focal seizures evoked from different limbic brain sites.
Brain Res ; The temporal evolution of neuronal damage from pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Progression of spontaneous seizures after status epilepticus is associated with mossy fibre sprouting and extensive bilateral loss of hilar parvalbumin and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons.
Eur J Neurosci ; Neuronal cell death in a rat model for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is induced by the initial status epilepticus and not by later repeated spontaneous seizures.
Ex vivo MR microimaging of neuronal damage after kainate-induced status epilepticus in rat: Magn Reson Med ; Magnetic resonance imaging in the study of the lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy in adult rats.
Predictive value of cortical injury for the development of temporal lobe epilepsy in day-old rats: Kindling from stimulation of a highly sensitive locus in the posterior part of the piriform cortex.
Comparison with amygdala kindling and effects of antiepileptic drugs. Susceptibility of different cell layers of the anterior and posterior part of the piriform cortex to electrical stimulation and kindling: Neuroscience ; The parahippocampal cortices and kindling.
The role of the piriform cortex in the generation of interictal spikes in the kindled preparation. Secondary generalization of hippocampal kindled seizures in rats: Progression and generalization of seizure discharge: Posterior piriform and perirhinal cortex relay seizures evoked from the area tempestas: Epilepsy Res Suppl ; 8: Gale K, Dubach M.
Localization of area tempestas in piriform cortex of the monkey. Soc Neurosci Abstr ; Contribution of medial versus lateral temporal-lobe structures to human odour identification.
The amygdala and temporal lobe simple partial seizures: Connections of the corticomedial amygdala in the golden hamster. The topographic organization of the assotional fibers of the olfactory system in the rat, including centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulb.
The temporal lobe and the limbic system. Oxford University Press, Inc. Magnetic resonance volumetric analysis of the piriform cortex and cortical amygdala in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy [Suppl]. The human entorhinal cortex: MR volumetric analysis of the human entorhinal, perirhinal, and temporopolar cortices.
The efficiency of systematic sampling in stereology and its prediction. J Microsc ; Estimation of reference volume using the Cavalieri method. Three-dimensional measurement in microscopy: Systematic sampling in stereology.
Florence, ; — Quantitative MRI volumetry of the entorhinal cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure ; 9: Hippocampal damage caused by seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. Lancet ; Comparative localization study of the brain according to the principles of cellular structures [in German].
Distribution of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells and fibers in the human amygdaloid complex. The allocortex in animal and human; first part [in German]. An autoradiographic study of complementary laminar patterns of termination of afferent fibers to the olfactory cortex.
J Comp Neurol ; 1: Structure of the piriform cortex of the opossum. Fine structure of cell bodies and neuropil. Structure of the piriform cortex of the adult rat. J Hirnforsch ; Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy.
Elsevier, ; — The locus and cytoarchitecture of the projection areas of the olfactory bulb in Macaca mulatta. J Comp Neurol ; 3: Amaral DG, Insausti R. The hippocampal formation of the primate brain. A review of some comparative aspects of cytoarchitecture and connections.
Jones EG, Peters A, eds. Plenum Press, ; — Denkschr Schweiz Naturforsch Ges ; MRI volumetric measurement of amygdala and hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology ; Recurrent seizures may cause hippocampal damage in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet ; 1: Entorhinal cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy. A quantitative MRI study. Mesial temporal damage in temporal lobe epilepsy: Hippocampal formation and related structures of the limbic lobe: Surface features and coronal sections.
Radiology ; Anatomic basis of amygdaloid and hippocampal volume measurement by magnetic resonance imaging. Neurobiol Aging ; MRI volume of the amygdala: Psychiatry Res ; Brain Res Brain Res Rev ; Estimation of brain compartment volume from MR Cavalieri slices.
J Comput Assist Tomogr ; Extratemporal atrophy in patients with complex partial seizures of left temporal origin. Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain.
Superior frontal gyrus 4 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus: Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus. Paracentral lobule 4 Paracentral sulcus. Primary motor cortex 4 Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8.
Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus. Paracentral lobule 1 2 3 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus.
Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus. Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus. Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus.
Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus.
Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala. Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres. Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. Retrieved from " https:
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MR Volumetric Analysis of The Piriform Cortex and Cortical Amygdala in Drug-Refractory Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. As the piriform/amygdala is a critical circuit for Canadian Journal of Physiology and Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology,
05.02.2018 - A large amount of anatomic, electrophysiologic, pharmacologic, and behavioral data published over the past decade has provided novel insight into the function of the amygdala in the rat. For statistical analysis, the patients were divided into two groups according to localization of the seizure focus: Ccleaner for windows 10 download free - Exodus ins... Its thickness encompasses the entire cortical gray matter. Cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior is associated with increased CaMKII T phosphorylation in the reward pathway of mice.
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25.03.2018 - The PCA occupies the entire medial temporal cortex down from the endorhinal sulcus to the sulcus semiannularis. Panels H—K show the hippocampal head. Ccleaner for windows vista 64 bit - Mail login pag... Gale K, Dubach M. Secondary generalization of hippocampal kindled seizures in rats:
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14.02.2018 - Structure of the piriform cortex of the opossum. One section caudally, where the amygdaloid complex is larger Fig 5 and often the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle is present, the cortical amygdala including the anterior cortical nucleus, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, PAC3, and PACs extends as far as the border with the rostromedial portion of the entorhinal cortex at the fundus of the sulcus semiannularis Ccleaner free download for android phone - Juego a... The entorhinal cortex of the monkey: In section 6 Fig 4Fthe amygdala is larger. Prog Brain Res ;
Most neurones of the olfactory cortex (and amygdala) connections is fundamental for piriform function, from the amygdaloid complex to the piriform cortex.
Cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior is associated with increased CaMKII T phosphorylation in the reward pathway of mice. In addition, the CxA receives more projections from the rostral or prepiriform area, Haberly and Price, a, b than from the caudal Pir, whereas it projects more strongly to the caudal Pir innervating mainly layers I and III.
In agreement with this observation, the posterior Pir presents more bidirectional connections with the amygdala than the anterior Pir Haberly, ; Majak et al. Therefore, the connectivity of the CxA suggests that it is a transition area between the Pir and the amygdala, and it does not clearly belong to either the layer Ib system or the layer II system as defined by Haberly and Price a, b.
Further characterization of this pathway, including plasticity is ongoing. Finally, the results emphasize that understanding odor processing in the PCX must not only take into account the spatiotemporal patterns of OB input, it must also take into account the context of inputs from regions such orbitofrontal cortex Illig, ; Cohen et al.
PCX connectivity with this broader context is both state - Kay and Freeman, ; Wilson and Yan, and experience-dependent Cohen et al. Discover more publications, questions and projects in Cortex. Projections from the amygdaloid complex to the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus: The claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus contribute to the spread of epileptiform activity from the amygdala to other brain areas.
Data of the distribution of pathways underlying the information flow between these regions are, however, incomplete and controversial. To investigate the projections from the amygdala to the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus, we injected the anterograde Projections from the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala to the hippocampal formation and par The posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala is involved in the processing of pheromonal information and presumably participates in ingestive, defensive, and reproductive behaviors as a part of the vomeronasal amygdala.
Recent studies suggest that the posterior cortical nucleus might also modulate memory processing via its connections to the medial temporal lobe memory system.
Therefore, to obtain a more reliable estimate of the PC volume, we focused on the temporal extension of the PC. There are also no landmarks for placing the border between the PC and the cortical amygdaloid nuclei the anterior cortical nucleus.
Therefore, the neighboring cortical amygdala and the amygdalo-hippocampal area were included in the analysis. Histologic analysis of 23 hemispheres demonstrated that the PC in the temporal lobe begins at the level of the limen insulae LI, or frontotemporal junction, formed at the junction between the frontal and temporal lobes in 21 of 23 cases Figs 3 and 4A.
In two cases, the rostral border of the PC was approximately 1 mm rostral to the LI. Therefore, the coronal MR imaging section containing the LI was demarcated as the section containing the most rostral portion of the PC Fig 5.
At this level, the dorsal border of the PC was drawn at the fundus of the endorhinal sulcus Figs 1A and 5. The most caudal section where the PC is present is located approximately 6 mm caudal to the LI Fig 5.
Here, the cortical amygdala occupies most of the dorsal surface of the medial temporal lobe. In histologic sections, the thickness of the PC reaches 1 mm throughout its full rostro-caudal extent.
A is the most rostral and F is the most caudal. A, Shows the limen insulae LI ; B, first section where the characteristic ovoid shape of the amygdala A can be recognized; C, full extent of the amygdala A with lateral ventricle appearing underneath asterisk ; D, appearance of the rostral hippocampus HC ; E, rostral hippocampus at the level of the hippocampal head and lateral ventricle asterisk ; and F, hippocampal fissure hf; arrow.
Scale bar equals 20 mm applies to all panels. Coronal 2-mm-thick MR images from a control subject demonstrate the outline of the PCA at different rostrocaudal levels.
Line drawings of the same MR imaging sections demonstrating more anatomic details are shown in Figure 5 numbers in the lower left corner correspond to the levels of the line-drawings. A is the most rostral and K is the most caudal.
In panels A and B, the thickness of the perirhinal cortex, which serves as reference for the thickness of the PCA is indicated. Panel C marks the anterior-most limit of the entorhinal cortex.
In panels D, E and F, the characteristic ovoid shape of the amygdala can be recognized. Panel G shows the appearance of the subiculum. Panels H—K show the hippocampal head. EC indicates entorhinal cortex; cs, colateral sulcus arrow ; A, amygdala; es, endorhinal sulcus arrow ; HC, hippocampus; hf, hippocampal fissure arrow ; LI, limen insulae ; PRC, perirhinal cortex; ssa, s ulcus semiannularis arrow ; Sub, subiculum; and arrowheads, boundaries of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices.
Scale bar equals 10 mm applies to all panels. Line-drawings corresponding to MR images in Figure 4 summarize the anatomic landmarks used to draw the outlines of the PCA. Only the images displaying critical landmarks are shown.
In section 2 Fig 4C, the PCA extends down as far as the continuation of the limit of the white matter at its crossing with the pial surface alternatively, if it were absent, the limit is given by the visualization of the sulcus semiannularis.
Section 4 Fig 4D is at the level of the rostralmost portion of the amygdala. At this level, the PCA extends from the endorhinal sulcus down to the sulcus semiannularis ssa, or in its absence, as in the previous level. Its thickness encompasses the entire cortical gray matter.
In section 6 Fig 4F, the amygdala is larger. The PCA occupies the entire medial temporal cortex down from the endorhinal sulcus to the sulcus semiannularis. In sections 7—9 Fig 4G—I, the rostral hippocampus appears.
The PCA is defined as in level 6. In section 11, the opening of the hippocampal fissure hf marks the last image to be quantified. HC indicates hippocampus; cs, colateral sulcus ; Sub, subiculum. Scale bar equals 10 mm all panels.
The cortical amygdala is the most caudal segment of the olfactory allocortex, located on the medial surface of the human temporal lobe It is composed of several superficial amygdaloid nuclei with defined cytoarchitectonic, chemoarchitectonic, and connectional characteristics for nomenclature, see [ 57 ].
The present volumetric analysis included the cortical nuclei of the amygdala cortical amygdala, for short, composed of the anterior cortical nucleus, the medial nucleus, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, olfactory amygdala [ 63 ] , the periamygdaloid cortex PAC 0 , PAC 1 , PAC 2 , PAC 3 , and PAC S subfields, and the posterior cortical nucleus Fig 1.
It extends down to the ventral bank of the sulcus semiannularis ssa where it borders the entorhinal cortex Fig 1B—C. At caudal levels it becomes continuous with the amygdalo-hippocampal transitional area Fig 1D.
Rostrally, the cortical amygdala including the PACo appears at the level of the beginning of the amygdala approximately 6 mm caudal to the LI 64 Figs 1B and 5. One section caudally, where the amygdaloid complex is larger Fig 5 and often the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle is present, the cortical amygdala including the anterior cortical nucleus, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, PAC3, and PACs extends as far as the border with the rostromedial portion of the entorhinal cortex at the fundus of the sulcus semiannularis In cases, where the sulcus semiannularis is not apparent, the border defined by the line extending medially from the white matter to the surface of the brain was used as the ventral border of the cortical amygdala Fig 5 At the beginning of the subiculum at the head of the hippocampus 64 , the cortical amygdala medial nucleus, posterior cortical nucleus, PACs becomes continuous with the amygdalo-hippocampal transitional area AHA Fig 1D.
This transitional area between the hippocampus and the amygdala 65 continues caudally the gyrus semilunaris, approximately at the level of the diverticulum unci The caudal end of the cortical amygdala comes into close contact with the amygdalo-hippocampal transitional area AHA, which establishes the link between the rostral extremity of the uncal hippocampal allocortex and the caudal end of the olfactory amygdala.
Due to the lack of any apparent landmarks to separate the AHA from the cortical amygdala, it was included in the volumetric measurement. The amygdalo-hippocampal area becomes apparent at the caudal part of the gyrus uncinatus, rostral to the hippocampal fissure Fig 1D.
The caudal limit of the AHA was coincident with the beginning of the hippocampal fissure in most of the cases. The PCA was outlined from the rostral to caudal direction, according to the MR imaging step-by-step protocol defined below.
Before PCA measurements in TLE patients, ten randomly assigned control subjects were selected for intra - and interobserver tests to assure the reproducibility of the protocol. Measurements of TLE subjects were performed by a single investigator P.
In cases where the cortical boundaries were not clear, a second opinion T. The localization of the PCA region in the medial temporal lobe is presented in coronal MR images in Figures 3 and 4 and schematically in corresponding line-drawings in Figure 5.
At this level, the PCA is composed of the PC, which was not identifiable in terms of different contrast. At this level, the entire cortex from the fundus of the endorhinal sulcus to the most medial point of the gyrus semilunaris on the medial temporal cortex was included into the PCA.
If the sulcus semiannularis was already present, the fundus of the sulcus was considered to be the ventral limit of the PCA. The entire thickness of the cortex was included in the PCA.
On the next 2. Starting approximately 12 mm from the LI, the amygdala is at its largest and the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle appears ventrolateral to the amygdala Figs 3C, 4G and 5.
At this level, the sulcus semiannularis is near its end, and it may be either absent or show a shallow appearance on MR images. If the sulcus semiannularis is visible, the PCA extends from the fundus of the endorhinal sulcus to the fundus of the sulcus semiannularis.
In the cases were the sulcus semiannularis cannot be identified, the approximate ventral limit of PCA was determined by the intersection of the line extending from the white matter under the amygdala medial extension of the external capsule to the surface of the brain, as defined previously 50 for the entorhinal cortex.
The entire thickness of the cortex was included into the PCA. In more caudal sections where the rostral end of the hippocampus uncus appears Figs 3D, 4H—I, and 5 , the PCA is defined accordingly.
At the caudal end of the amygdala Figs 3E, 4J—K and 5 , the gyrus ambiens, including the medial intermediate subfield of the entorhinal cortex, is replaced by the amygdalo-hippocampal area and the uncus, which is composed of the subiculum and the CA1 subfield 64 , At this level, the endorhinal sulcus becomes very narrow and locates in close proximity to the optic tract.
The last section, in which the PCA was present, was usually coincident with the opening of the hippocampal fissure Figs 3F, 4K and 5. The outlines of the PCA were drawn as in Step 5. Once the PCA cortices were outlined on each of the coronal images, the final volume was calculated by using a program developed in-house for a standard work console.
As it is generally accepted that interindividual variability in head size affects the volumes of brain regions, we corrected the PCA volume to the individual brain area obtained at the level of the anterior commissure, according to Cendes et al 67 with modifications Briefly, we used the formula: Ten randomly assigned control subjects were selected for intra - and interobserver tests, by using the method introduced by Bland and Altman Repeated measurements were performed for 10 control subjects.
The mean difference in volume was near zero and thus, not considered significant. Scatter plots show the intra - and inter-observer variability of repeated measurements in the assessment of the right and left volume of the PCA of 10 control subjects.
A, shows intra-observer measurement P. The limits of agreement between the first and second measurements are expressed as the mean difference in volume: Inserts in the lower left corner show the association between the first x-axis and second y-axis.
For statistical analysis, the patients were divided into two groups according to localization of the seizure focus: Because the initial statistical survey indicated that the parameters studied were not normally distributed and the number of subjects in each study group was small, nonparametric analyses were used.
Differences between the study groups were determined by using the Mann-Whitney test with the Bonferroni adjustment x 3 for multiple comparisons. To assess the degree of volume asymmetry, the PCA asymmetry ratio was calculated according to Bernasconi et al Subsequently, patients were divided accordingly to their measured hippocampal volumes HCvol in HS patients, if the volume was less than two SD from the control mean and without HS if HCvol was at least two SD from the control mean.
A P value of less than. Figure 7 is the plot of the volume estimation for the PCA areas in the seven hemispheres quantified. In addition, the contribution of the point counting to the overall coefficient of error was approximately half of the contribution of the variability between sections.
Values obtained were smaller compared with MR imaging determinations. Plot of the individual volume estimation of the PCA, obtained by the stereological assessment of seven brain hemispheres see Materials and Methods section for details.
Each square represents a case. The mean normalized volumes and the asymmetry ratios of the PCA volumes in control subjects are shown in Table 2. There was no significant right—left asymmetry in the mean volumes. There was no sex difference in the PCA volumes.
Also, there was no correlation between PCA volume and age. Normalized volumes and asymmetry ratio of the right and left piriform-cortical amygdala in control subjects and patients groups and subgroups.
The sex distribution and mean age did not differ between control subjects and patients with TLE. When control subjects and patients with right or left TLE were compared, there were differences in the mean PCA volumes between groups.
The mean contralateral PCA volume did not differ from that in control subjects Table 2. The mean right PCA did not differ from that in control subjects. We assessed whether the volume reduction within the PCA is associated with hippocampal, amygdaloid, or entorhinal atrophy Table 1.
Scatter plots show the correlation between the ipsilateral and contralateral volumes of the PCA and the volumes of the hippocampus A, amygdala B, and entorhinal cortex C in patients with TLE. PCA volumes correlated with the atrophy in the hippocampus, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex.
Closed circles refer to the ipsilateral values and open circles to the contralateral values. There were no patients with an entorhinal cortex volume reduction of less than two SDs from the mean of the control subjects The volume of the ipsilateral or contralateral PCA did not correlate with the lifetime seizure number.
In the present study, we developed a method to measure the volume of the PCA in coronal MR images of the human brain. This method allowed us to assess the occurrence and severity of PCA atrophy in patients with TLE and its co-occurrence with volume reduction in the hippocampus, amygdala, or entorhinal cortex.
Only patients with an unknown etiology for TLE were included in the study. After establishing the adequate methodological considerations, the study revealed four major findings.
First, there was no hemispheric asymmetry of the PCA in control subjects. Also, the volume did not vary depending on the sex or age of the subjects. Fourth, there was no association between the PCA volumes and lifetime seizure number.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of damage in the PC and the cortical amygdala in patients with TLE by means of quantitative MR imaging. Based on histologic analysis, we have elaborated a protocol that can be used to measure the volume of the human PCA in 2.
Our MR protocol was designed based on anatomic landmarks derived from the analysis of histologic sections from postmortem brains of healthy subjects. Thus, we were able to locate the different segments of the PCA and extrapolate the findings to determine the boundaries on MR images.
The major difficulty was in determining the thickness of the piriform cortex. This cortical area appears embedded in the endorhinal sulcus on the first three MR images, starting at the LI, and there are no clear reference points to delineate this region on MR images.
Therefore, we used the thickness of the neighboring perirhinal cortex as a reference. Consequently, it is possible that atrophy of the perirhinal cortex can bias the estimation of the volume of the PCA. Also, volume reduction of the perirhinal cortex is relatively uncommon, even in patients with intractable epilepsy 8 , 10 , Coronal Atlas — Plate 8 anterior view.
Cameron; Rommelfanger, Karen S. Epithelium glands mucosa Sustentacular cell Tufted cell. Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain. Superior frontal gyrus 4 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus: Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus.
Paracentral lobule 4 Paracentral sulcus. Primary motor cortex 4 Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8.
Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus. Paracentral lobule 1 2 3 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus.
Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus. Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus. Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus.
Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus.
Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala.
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